In 2023, the number of irregular border crossings into the European Union reached its highest level since 2016, according to Frontex. The Central Mediterranean route remains the most active, accounting for over half of the detections. Factors contributing to this increase include ongoing conflicts, economic instability, and limited legal migration pathways.
Key Statistics
- Central Mediterranean: 330,000 crossings, a 10% increase from 2022.
- Western Balkans: 25% of total crossings.
- Eastern Mediterranean: 16% of total crossings.
Contributing Factors
The rise is attributed to persistent geopolitical conflicts, economic instability, and the lack of sufficient legal migration routes. These elements drive many individuals to seek alternative, often perilous, pathways into the EU.
Impact on EU Borders
The surge in crossings has significant implications for border management and security within the EU. The increased pressure on border agencies necessitates enhanced cooperation and resource allocation.
Frontex’s Role
Frontex continues to support member states in managing these challenges through joint operations and providing critical resources for border security. The agency emphasizes the importance of a coordinated European approach to address the root causes of irregular migration and ensure effective border management.
Spain ETIAS 
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